Provide two wildlife deterrence methods commonly employed at airports.

• A. Habitat modification and active deterrents (e.g., repellents, deterrence devices).
• B. Predator hunting and relocation.
• C. Fencing and lighting only.
• D. Scarecrows and signage.

Answer: (A)

Airports reduce wildlife strike risk by both making the environment less attractive to animals and actively keeping wildlife away from critical areas. Habitat modification changes the airfield surroundings to remove attractants and reduce places birds can feed, rest, or nest: securing trash and water sources, proper waste management, eliminating standing water, adjusting vegetation and drainage to minimize cover, and shaping mowing and landscaping to limit perches near runways. Active deterrents apply aversive stimuli or direct harassment to keep wildlife at a distance: chemical repellents, deterrence devices like loud noises or pyrotechnics, lasers and targeted lighting, and the use of trained animals such as dogs or raptors to disperse birds.

These two methods complement each other, addressing both why wildlife come to the area and how to discourage them when they approach, which makes for a practical, proactive wildlife management strategy. Other approaches like relying on predators or relocation, or using fencing or signage alone, don’t address behavior as effectively or can introduce safety or practicality concerns in busy airport environments.